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\newcommand{\titre}{Le car de ramassage}
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    \small Un car de ramassage doit s'arrêter à chaque carrefour d'un quartier, une fois et une seule. Selon le plan c'est possible ou non — et un simple coloriage permet souvent de le dire d'avance, sans essayer.
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\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Le car part de l'école, au carrefour E, et doit s'arrêter à chaque carrefour exactement une fois.} Il emprunte les rues qu'il veut et n'a pas à toutes les parcourir.\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{black!32}\bfseries Les rues & ⑨ rue Verte & Ⓐ Coin du Lavoir & Ⓙ Place de l'Église \\ \hline
① impasse des Cerisiers & ⑩ venelle du Chat & Ⓑ Carrefour de l'Hôpital & Ⓚ Carrefour du Moulin \\ \hline
② rue du Moulin & ⑪ rue de la Mairie & Ⓒ Carrefour Saint-Roch & Ⓛ Place du Vieux-Puits \\ \hline
③ rue Neuve & ⑫ passage du Marché & Ⓓ Place aux Herbes & \cellcolor{black!32}\bfseries Les bâtiments \\ \hline
④ avenue de la Gare & ⑬ rue de la Poste & Ⓔ Rond-point du Pont & \textbf{a} l'école \\ \hline
⑤ rue Pasteur & ⑭ allée des Tilleuls & Ⓕ Rond-point de la Poste & \textbf{b} le lavoir \\ \hline
⑥ rue des Lilas & ⑮ chemin de Ronde & Ⓖ Fontaine Notre-Dame & \textbf{c} l'église \\ \hline
⑦ chemin du Lavoir & ⑯ rue de l'Église & Ⓗ Rond-point de la Gare & \textbf{d} la pharmacie \\ \hline
⑧ rue du Four & \cellcolor{black!32}\bfseries Les carrefours & Ⓘ Carrefour des Tilleuls &  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent{\small\itshape Légende du plan}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Colorier les carrefours du plan avec \textbf{deux couleurs}, de sorte que deux carrefours \textbf{reliés par une rue} ne soient jamais de la même couleur. Combien y en a-t-il de chaque couleur ?
  \item Le car roule d'un carrefour au suivant. Que peut-on dire de la \textbf{couleur} des arrêts successifs ? Qu'en déduire sur les couleurs des arrêts d'une tournée qui les dessert tous ?
  \item \textbf{Le car peut-il desservir tous les carrefours, une fois chacun, et revenir à l'école ?} Si oui, décrire un trajet ; sinon, démontrer que c'est impossible.
  \item \textbf{Et s'il n'est pas obligé de revenir à l'école ?} Même consigne.
\end{enumerate}
\newpage
\section*{\textcolor{red}{Correction}}
\needspace{5\baselineskip}
\subsection*{\textcolor{red}{Le car de ramassage — Correction}}
\needspace{3\baselineskip}
\begin{center}
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\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\noindent{\small\itshape Deux carrefours reliés par une rue n'ont jamais la même couleur.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{1.} Le coloriage est \textbf{forcé} : une fois la couleur d'un carrefour choisie, celle de tous les autres suit, de proche en proche.\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Couleur & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Carrefours & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Nombre \\ \hline
sombres & A, C, D, G, I, J, L & 7 \\ \hline
clairs & B, E, F, H, K & 5 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Il y a \textbf{7} carrefours sombres et \textbf{5} clairs. Il y en a donc \textbf{2 de plus} du côté des sombres.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{2.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}\textbf{Le raisonnement clé.} Chaque rue relie un carrefour sombre à un carrefour clair. Donc à chaque fois que le car roule, il \textbf{change de couleur} : ses arrêts sont sombre, clair, sombre, clair\dots{} \textbf{en alternance}.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Une tournée qui dessert les 12 carrefours alterne donc les deux couleurs d'un bout à l'autre : elle en utilise \textbf{autant de chaque, à un près}. Et si elle en utilise un de plus d'une couleur, c'est forcément celle de son \textbf{départ} et de son \textbf{arrivée}.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{3.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries \textbf{Non.} Un circuit revient à son point de départ : il compte autant d'arrêts sombres que de clairs. Or ce quartier a 7 carrefours sombres et 5 clairs — c'est impossible.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{4.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries \textbf{Non plus.} Une tournée n'a qu'un départ et qu'une arrivée : elle ne peut absorber qu'\textbf{un} carrefour sombre en trop. Il y en a 2.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\end{document}
