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\newcommand{\titre}{La tournée du facteur}
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    \small Un facteur veut parcourir toutes les rues de son quartier en n'empruntant chacune qu'une seule fois. Selon le plan, c'est tantôt facile, tantôt impossible — et l'on peut le dire d'avance, sans essayer, en regardant simplement combien de rues aboutissent à chaque carrefour.
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\subsection*{\textcolor{red}{La tournée du facteur}}
\noindent Voici le plan d'un quartier.\par\addvspace{0.35em}
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\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Le facteur part de la poste et doit emprunter chaque rue exactement une fois. Il n'est pas obligé d'y revenir : il termine sa tournée où il veut.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les rues & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries  & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les carrefours & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les bâtiments \\ \hline
① rue du Puits & ⑬ rue de la Mairie & S0 Carrefour des Tilleuls & \textbf{a} la poste \\ \hline
② chemin des Vignes & ⑭ venelle du Chat & S1 Place des Tanneurs & \textbf{b} la bibliothèque \\ \hline
③ quai aux Fleurs & ⑮ allée des Tilleuls & S2 Place de la Fontaine & \textbf{c} la boulangerie \\ \hline
④ rue Pasteur & ⑯ rue des Écoles & S3 Place de l'Église &  \\ \hline
⑤ rue Verte & ⑰ rue Neuve & S4 Rond-point du Stade &  \\ \hline
⑥ rue des Jardins & ⑱ rue de l'Église & S5 Carrefour du Lavoir &  \\ \hline
⑦ impasse du Puits & ⑲ chemin Creux & S6 Carrefour de l'Hôpital &  \\ \hline
⑧ rue Basse & ⑳ rue du Stade & S7 Carrefour de la Mairie &  \\ \hline
⑨ rue Haute & 21 rue du Moulin & S8 Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins &  \\ \hline
⑩ rue des Lilas & 22 chemin de Ronde & S9 Coin du Lavoir &  \\ \hline
⑪ passage du Marché & 23 rue de la Poste & S10 Rond-point de la Poste &  \\ \hline
⑫ chemin du Lavoir & 24 rue du Four & S11 Place du Marché &  \\ \hline
 &  & S12 Rond-point des Vaches &  \\ \hline
 &  & S13 Place Sainte-Croix &  \\ \hline
 &  & S14 Fontaine Notre-Dame &  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent{\small\itshape Légende du plan}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent Les questions se suivent : la première n'est qu'un comptage, la dernière demande une preuve.\par\addvspace{0.45em}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Pour \textbf{chaque carrefour}, compter le nombre de rues qui y aboutissent. Présenter les résultats dans un tableau.
  \item Le facteur imagine sa tournée. À chaque fois qu'il \textbf{traverse} un carrefour, combien de rues utilise-t-il ? Qu'en déduire pour les carrefours où aboutit un nombre \textbf{impair} de rues ?
  \item \textbf{Le facteur peut-il faire sa tournée en partant de la poste ?} Si oui, décrire un trajet possible ; sinon, démontrer que c'est impossible.
  \item Si ce n'est pas possible : une tournée existe-t-elle \textbf{malgré tout} dans ce quartier, en partant d'ailleurs ? Si oui, où faudrait-il installer la poste — et le facteur y reviendrait-il ?
\end{enumerate}
\newpage
\section*{\textcolor{red}{Correction}}
\needspace{5\baselineskip}
\subsection*{\textcolor{red}{La tournée du facteur — Correction}}
\needspace{3\baselineskip}
\begin{center}
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\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{1.} On compte les rues aboutissant à chaque carrefour :\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Carrefour & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S0 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S1 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S2 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S3 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S4 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S5 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S6 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S7 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S8 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S9 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S10 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S11 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S12 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S13 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S14 \\ \hline
Nombre de rues & 4 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 6 & 4 & 5 & 4 & 4 & 2 & 4 & 2 & 4 & 2 & 1 \\ \hline
Parité & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & \textbf{impair} & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & \textbf{impair} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent\hspace{1.2em}Vérification : la somme de ces nombres vaut 48 = 2 \(\times\) 24, car chaque rue est comptée à ses \textbf{deux} extrémités.\par\addvspace{0.3em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Les carrefours à nombre \textbf{impair} de rues sont : \textbf{S6}, \textbf{S14} — il y en a 2.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{2.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}\textbf{Le raisonnement clé.} Quand le facteur \textbf{traverse} un carrefour, il y arrive par une rue et en repart par une autre : il consomme les rues \textbf{deux par deux}. Un carrefour traversé 3 fois voit donc 6 de ses rues utilisées — toujours un nombre \textbf{pair}.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Un carrefour où aboutit un nombre \textbf{impair} de rues ne peut donc pas être seulement traversé : il doit être le \textbf{départ} ou l'\textbf{arrivée} de la tournée. Là, une rue reste « non appariée ».}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}Ici la poste est \textbf{sur un carrefour}, en \textbf{S6}, et le facteur n'a pas à y revenir. Ce carrefour est donc le \textbf{départ} — il a droit d'être impair. Mais il n'y a qu'\textbf{une seule arrivée} : tous les autres carrefours doivent être pairs, sauf un au plus.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{3.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries \textbf{Oui.} Deux carrefours sont impairs, \textbf{S6} et \textbf{S14}, et la poste est justement sur l'un des deux (\textbf{S6}). Il part donc de la poste et \textbf{termine en S14}, l'autre carrefour impair.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\newpage
\noindent Voici une tournée possible :\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Il part de Carrefour de l'Hôpital \textbf{(S6)}, prend le \textbf{passage du Marché ⑪} vers le nord et atteint Place de l'Église \textbf{(S3)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue des Lilas ⑩}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Rond-point du Stade \textbf{(S4)}.
  \item Il prend dans le \textbf{quai aux Fleurs ③}, vers le nord-ouest, jusqu'à Carrefour des Tilleuls \textbf{(S0)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue du Puits ①}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Place des Tanneurs \textbf{(S1)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue Verte ⑤}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Rond-point du Stade \textbf{(S4)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans le \textbf{chemin du Lavoir ⑫}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Rond-point de la Poste \textbf{(S10)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue des Jardins ⑥}, vers l'ouest, jusqu'à Place du Marché \textbf{(S11)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue Neuve ⑰}, vers le nord, jusqu'à Carrefour de l'Hôpital \textbf{(S6)}.
  \item Il prend dans la \textbf{rue de l'Église ⑱}, vers le sud-ouest, jusqu'à Rond-point des Vaches \textbf{(S12)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans la \textbf{rue Basse ⑧}, vers l'ouest, jusqu'à Place Sainte-Croix \textbf{(S13)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue de la Poste 23}, vers le nord, jusqu'à Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins \textbf{(S8)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue des Écoles ⑯}, vers le nord-est, jusqu'à Carrefour du Lavoir \textbf{(S5)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans la \textbf{rue Pasteur ④}, vers le nord-est, jusqu'à Carrefour des Tilleuls \textbf{(S0)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans le \textbf{chemin des Vignes ②}, vers l'ouest, jusqu'à Place de la Fontaine \textbf{(S2)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue Haute ⑨}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Carrefour du Lavoir \textbf{(S5)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans l'\textbf{allée des Tilleuls ⑮}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Carrefour de la Mairie \textbf{(S7)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans la \textbf{rue du Stade ⑳}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Rond-point des Vaches \textbf{(S12)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans le \textbf{chemin de Ronde 22}, vers le nord-ouest, jusqu'à Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins \textbf{(S8)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue du Moulin 21}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Carrefour de la Mairie \textbf{(S7)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans le \textbf{chemin Creux ⑲}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Carrefour de l'Hôpital \textbf{(S6)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue de la Mairie ⑬}, vers le nord-est, jusqu'à Rond-point du Stade \textbf{(S4)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{venelle du Chat ⑭}, vers le sud-est, jusqu'à Coin du Lavoir \textbf{(S9)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue du Four 24}, vers le sud-ouest, jusqu'à Rond-point de la Poste \textbf{(S10)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans l'\textbf{impasse du Puits ⑦}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Fontaine Notre-Dame \textbf{(S14)}.
\end{enumerate}
\noindent \textbf{4.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries C'était déjà possible. Notons seulement que la poste devait être en \textbf{S6} ou en \textbf{S14} : ailleurs, la tournée n'aurait pas pu commencer.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}\textbf{À remarquer.} Ce quartier a une impasse. On y entre et on en ressort par la même rue : elle serait forcément empruntée deux fois. Une impasse interdit donc à elle seule la tournée qui revient à son point de départ — sans qu'il soit besoin de compter quoi que ce soit.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\end{document}
