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\newcommand{\titre}{La tournée du facteur}
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    \small Un facteur veut parcourir toutes les rues de son quartier en n'empruntant chacune qu'une seule fois. Selon le plan, c'est tantôt facile, tantôt impossible — et l'on peut le dire d'avance, sans essayer, en regardant simplement combien de rues aboutissent à chaque carrefour.
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\subsection*{\textcolor{red}{La tournée du facteur}}
\noindent Voici le plan d'un quartier.\par\addvspace{0.35em}
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\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Le facteur part de la poste et doit emprunter chaque rue exactement une fois. Il n'est pas obligé d'y revenir : il termine sa tournée où il veut.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les rues & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries  & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les carrefours & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Les bâtiments \\ \hline
① sentier des Prés & ⑩ rue du Stade & S0 Place du Vieux-Puits & \textbf{a} la poste \\ \hline
② rue de la Poste & ⑪ allée des Peupliers & S1 Placette des Ormes & \textbf{b} la boulangerie \\ \hline
③ impasse des Roses & ⑫ rue Neuve & S2 Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins & \textbf{c} le gymnase \\ \hline
④ rue Basse & ⑬ chemin du Lavoir & S3 Rond-point du Stade & \textbf{d} l'école \\ \hline
⑤ avenue de la Gare & ⑭ chemin Creux & S4 Carrefour de la Mairie &  \\ \hline
⑥ chemin de Ronde & ⑮ quai aux Fleurs & S5 Rond-point du Pont &  \\ \hline
⑦ passage du Marché & ⑯ rue Haute & S6 Place aux Herbes &  \\ \hline
⑧ rue du Pont & ⑰ rue des Jardins & S7 Coin du Lavoir &  \\ \hline
⑨ rue du Four & ⑱ venelle du Chat & S8 Place de la Fontaine &  \\ \hline
 &  & S9 Fontaine Notre-Dame &  \\ \hline
 &  & S10 Rond-point des Vaches &  \\ \hline
 &  & S11 Rond-point de la Gare &  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent{\small\itshape Légende du plan}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent Les questions se suivent : la première n'est qu'un comptage, la dernière demande une preuve.\par\addvspace{0.45em}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Pour \textbf{chaque carrefour}, compter le nombre de rues qui y aboutissent. Présenter les résultats dans un tableau.
  \item Le facteur imagine sa tournée. À chaque fois qu'il \textbf{traverse} un carrefour, combien de rues utilise-t-il ? Qu'en déduire pour les carrefours où aboutit un nombre \textbf{impair} de rues ?
  \item \textbf{Le facteur peut-il faire sa tournée en partant de la poste ?} Si oui, décrire un trajet possible ; sinon, démontrer que c'est impossible.
  \item Si ce n'est pas possible : une tournée existe-t-elle \textbf{malgré tout} dans ce quartier, en partant d'ailleurs ? Si oui, où faudrait-il installer la poste — et le facteur y reviendrait-il ?
\end{enumerate}
\newpage
\section*{\textcolor{red}{Correction}}
\needspace{5\baselineskip}
\subsection*{\textcolor{red}{La tournée du facteur — Correction}}
\needspace{3\baselineskip}
\begin{center}
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\noindent \textbf{1.} On compte les rues aboutissant à chaque carrefour :\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries Carrefour & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S0 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S1 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S2 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S3 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S4 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S5 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S6 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S7 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S8 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S9 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S10 & \cellcolor{blue!7}\bfseries S11 \\ \hline
Nombre de rues & 2 & 1 & 4 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline
Parité & pair & \textbf{impair} & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & pair & \textbf{impair} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent\hspace{1.2em}Vérification : la somme de ces nombres vaut 36 = 2 \(\times\) 18, car chaque rue est comptée à ses \textbf{deux} extrémités.\par\addvspace{0.3em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Les carrefours à nombre \textbf{impair} de rues sont : \textbf{S1}, \textbf{S11} — il y en a 2.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{2.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}\textbf{Le raisonnement clé.} Quand le facteur \textbf{traverse} un carrefour, il y arrive par une rue et en repart par une autre : il consomme les rues \textbf{deux par deux}. Un carrefour traversé 3 fois voit donc 6 de ses rues utilisées — toujours un nombre \textbf{pair}.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries Un carrefour où aboutit un nombre \textbf{impair} de rues ne peut donc pas être seulement traversé : il doit être le \textbf{départ} ou l'\textbf{arrivée} de la tournée. Là, une rue reste « non appariée ».}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}Ici la poste est \textbf{sur un carrefour}, en \textbf{S5}, et le facteur n'a pas à y revenir. Ce carrefour est donc le \textbf{départ} — il a droit d'être impair. Mais il n'y a qu'\textbf{une seule arrivée} : tous les autres carrefours doivent être pairs, sauf un au plus.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{3.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries \textbf{Non.} Deux carrefours sont impairs, \textbf{S1} et \textbf{S11} : l'un devrait être le départ, l'autre l'arrivée.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}Or la poste est en \textbf{S5}, où aboutit un nombre \textbf{pair} de rues. Ce carrefour ne peut être que traversé, jamais servir de départ.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\noindent \textbf{4.}\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\noindent{\color{red!80!black}\bfseries \textbf{Oui, une tournée existe} — mais elle va de \textbf{S1} à \textbf{S11}. En installant la poste à l'un de ces deux carrefours, le facteur pourrait faire toutes les rues une fois. En revanche il \textbf{ne reviendrait pas} à la poste : il finirait à l'autre bout du quartier.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\newpage
\noindent Ce parcours, en partant de S1 :\par\addvspace{0.35em}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Il part de Placette des Ormes \textbf{(S1)}, prend l'\textbf{impasse des Roses ③} vers le sud-est et atteint Carrefour de la Mairie \textbf{(S4)}.
  \item Il continue tout droit dans la \textbf{rue du Pont ⑧}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Rond-point du Stade \textbf{(S3)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue de la Poste ②}, vers le nord, jusqu'à Place du Vieux-Puits \textbf{(S0)}.
  \item Il prend dans le \textbf{sentier des Prés ①}, vers le sud-est, jusqu'à Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins \textbf{(S2)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans l'\textbf{avenue de la Gare ⑤}, vers l'ouest, jusqu'à Rond-point du Stade \textbf{(S3)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue du Four ⑨}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Rond-point du Pont \textbf{(S5)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans le \textbf{chemin de Ronde ⑥}, vers le nord-est, jusqu'à Carrefour des Quatre-Chemins \textbf{(S2)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans le \textbf{passage du Marché ⑦}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Place de la Fontaine \textbf{(S8)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue des Jardins ⑰}, vers le sud-ouest, jusqu'à Rond-point de la Gare \textbf{(S11)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue Basse ④}, vers l'ouest, jusqu'à Rond-point des Vaches \textbf{(S10)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans la \textbf{rue Neuve ⑫}, vers le nord-est, jusqu'à Rond-point du Pont \textbf{(S5)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue du Stade ⑩}, vers le nord-ouest, jusqu'à Carrefour de la Mairie \textbf{(S4)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans l'\textbf{allée des Peupliers ⑪}, vers le sud-ouest, jusqu'à Coin du Lavoir \textbf{(S7)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{rue Haute ⑯}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Fontaine Notre-Dame \textbf{(S9)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans la \textbf{venelle du Chat ⑱}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Rond-point des Vaches \textbf{(S10)}.
  \item Il tourne à gauche dans le \textbf{quai aux Fleurs ⑮}, vers le nord, jusqu'à Place aux Herbes \textbf{(S6)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans le \textbf{chemin Creux ⑭}, vers l'est, jusqu'à Rond-point du Pont \textbf{(S5)}.
  \item Il tourne à droite dans le \textbf{chemin du Lavoir ⑬}, vers le sud, jusqu'à Rond-point de la Gare \textbf{(S11)}.
\end{enumerate}
\noindent{\color{green!45!black}\textbf{À remarquer.} Ce quartier a une impasse. On y entre et on en ressort par la même rue : elle serait forcément empruntée deux fois. Une impasse interdit donc à elle seule la tournée qui revient à son point de départ — sans qu'il soit besoin de compter quoi que ce soit.}\par\addvspace{0.4em}
\end{document}
